C. 1.4 Summary The problems associated with hardening the SPS system against nuclear radiation effects are monumental. The technology to harden SPS against peripheral nuclear attacks will require a major development program which must be carefully integrated with the DDT&E phase of a SPS program to ensure that a balanced hardening approach is implemented. Alternative power satellite concepts may be easier to harden against EMP and SGEMP effects than the photovoltaic designs of the Reference System.
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