assumes that the amount of power being diverted is sufficiently large to permit detection.) Hardening and protective coatings could be utilized as passive defenses against weapons such as HELs and PBWs. Long-range space surveillance (LRSS) is a type of surveillance and reconnaissance. It has been given a unique name to emphasize that it would be used to detect the installation of military adapters aboard orbital facilities or at ground sites. To safeguard against augmented manning of SPS facilities by military personnel, it would be necessary to monitor the movement of crew personnel to ensure that they were not congregating at a particular location. In addition, the operation of an alternative command post could be detected using COMINT and/or MSGINT. Physical attack is primarily intended here to denote the use of land forces to prevent the military use of SPS launch facilities. Pilot beam override could be utilized to overcome the effects of a "Pied Piper box.” Such a box is a special type of transmitter which would mimic the pilot beam equipment and serve to draw the power beam to another location, possibly a population center. Another safeguard against Pied Piper boxes is a robust pilot beam system. At a minimum, this would include encryption of the power beam steering parameters which are sent by the pilot beam. Other approaches include: redundant pilot beams operating on different frequencies, the use of antijam techniques (frequency hopping and spread spectrum- modulation), and indirect routing of the pilot beams. Indirect routing means that the beam steering parameters would not be sent directly up from the rectenna site. Rather, they would be conveyed via land lines to one or more transmitter sites, conveyed to relay satellites, and finally reach the SPS via a space-to-space communications link (preferably a lasercom link). Lastly, if all else fails, a dual key design would enable the SPS power beam to be shut off. Reduced observables involves the use of nonreflective coatings, etc., to make it difficult to detect the object. This would tend to safeguard against surveillance and reconnaissance, as well as against attacks by ASAT weapons. Reflectors and shields could be used to protect a space system from attacks by HELs and PBWs. Self-defense primarily deals with intercept or shootback capability but could also include the installation of boobytraps aboard a spacecraft. Intercept capability or directed energy weapons could be installed on the power satellite or
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