Cover |
1 |
Title Page |
3 |
Foreward |
5 |
Table of Contents |
6 |
I. SUMMARY |
15 |
II. INTRODUCTION |
18 |
III. REFERENCE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION |
24 |
A. Guidelines and Assumptions |
24 |
B. System Overview |
24 |
C. Solar Cells and Blankets |
28 |
D. Solar Array and Structure |
31 |
E. Power Distribution |
33 |
F. Rotary Joint |
36 |
G. Attitude Control System (ACS) |
36 |
H. Microwave Power Transmission System |
39 |
I. Mass Statement |
61 |
J. Space Transportation |
61 |
K. Natural Resources |
72 |
L. Operations |
78 |
1.Construction Operations |
78 |
2. Commercial Operations |
87 |
M. Costs |
90 |
IV. TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY |
93 |
V. DOCUMENTATION SUMMARY |
97 |
APPENDIX A SYSTEM ANALYSIS RESULTS |
103 |
A. Design Considerations |
104 |
Orbit Selection |
104 |
Orientation and Attitude Control |
106 |
Satellite Sizing |
107 |
Construction |
109 |
Power Output Variations |
109 |
B. Solar Energy Collection, Conversion, and Power Distribution |
113 |
1. Energy Collection and Conversion |
113 |
Solar Photovoltaics |
114 |
Solar Brayton Cycle |
117 |
Solar Rankine Cycle |
119 |
Solar Thermionics |
121 |
2. Power Distribution |
122 |
C. Power Transmission, Collection, and Conversion |
125 |
Microwave System Frequency |
125 |
Microwave System Efficiencies |
126 |
Microwave System Sizing |
127 |
Transmit Antenna Configuration |
130 |
Microwave Power Amplifiers |
133 |
Phase Control |
136 |
Rectenna Configuration |
137 |
D. Structures and Materials |
143 |
1. Satellite |
143 |
General Characteristics |
143 |
Loads |
143 |
Environment |
144 |
System Dynamics |
146 |
Materials |
147 |
Development Features |
147 |
Structural Configurations |
148 |
2. Rectenna Structure and Materials |
149 |
E. Space Transportation |
151 |
Systems Considerations |
151 |
The Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) |
152 |
SSTO - Ballistic, VTOVL - |
152 |
Two Stage Ballistic, VTOVL |
154 |
Modified Single Stage to Orbit, VTOHL |
154 |
Two Stage Winged, VTOHL |
154 |
SSTO - Winged, HTOHL |
158 |
Personnel Launch Vehicle (PLV) |
160 |
Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicle (COTV |
160 |
Personnel Orbital Transfer Vehicle (POTV) |
172 |
Ground Support Facilities |
174 |
Consideration of 28.5 Degree Versus 55 Degree Inclination |
174 |
F.Construction |
175 |
1.Satellite Construction |
175 |
Construction Location - Low Earth Orbit (LEO) vs. Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) |
175 |
Configuration Constructability |
176 |
Launch Vehicle Packing Density |
177 |
Space Construction Personnel |
186 |
Construction Equipment and Construction Support Equipment |
186 |
2.Rectenna Construction |
193 |
G.Natural Resources |
197 |
REFERENCES |
200 |
System Definition |
200 |
Other Concepts |
201 |
Power Conversion |
202 |
Microwave Power Transmission |
202 |
Transportation |
203 |
Orbital Construction |
203 |
Rectenna Construction |
204 |
Technology Advancement |
204 |
Economic and Political |
204 |
Biological and Environmental |
205 |
Work Breakdown Structure |
205 |
APPENDIX B CONTRACTED SYSTEM DEFINITION STUDIES |
207 |
1. ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL |
208 |
A.Guidelines and Assumptions |
208 |
B.System Overview |
208 |
C. Solar Cells and Blankets |
210 |
D. Solar Array and Structure |
214 |
Reflectors |
214 |
Structure |
217 |
E. Power Collection and Distribution |
217 |
F. Rotary Joint |
221 |
Mechanical |
221 |
Electrical |
221 |
G. Attitude Control System (ACS) |
221 |
H. Microwave Power Transmission System |
225 |
Satellite Antenna |
225 |
Antenna Structure |
225 |
Power Distribution |
229 |
Conditioning |
229 |
DC/RF Converters |
231 |
Mechanical Module, Subarray, and Power Module |
231 |
Power Taper and Density on Antenna |
234 |
Rectenna |
234 |
I.Mass Statement |
240 |
J.Space Transportation |
240 |
HLLV |
240 |
Winged VTO-HLLV |
240 |
Horizontal Takeoff SSTO HLLV |
243 |
Cargo Orbital Transfer Vehicle |
243 |
Personnel Transport Systems (POTV |
246 |
K.Natural Resources |
248 |
L.Operations |
248 |
a. Construction |
248 |
Overall Operations Scenario |
248 |
GEO Satellite Construction Base (SCB) |
253 |
Satellite Construction Operations |
257 |
LEO Base |
264 |
Cargo Handling Mass Flow |
264 |
Cargo Packaging |
267 |
b. Commercial Operations |
270 |
DOCUMENTATION LIST |
271 |
2. BOEING AEROSPACE COMPANY |
272 |
A. Guidelines and Assumptions |
272 |
B. System Overview |
272 |
Configuration |
272 |
C. Solar Cells and Blankets |
276 |
D. Solar Array and Structure |
276 |
E. Power Distribution |
279 |
F. Rotary Joint |
282 |
G. Attitude Control System |
282 |
H. Microwave Power Transmission System |
285 |
General |
285 |
Antenna Power Distribution |
288 |
DC/DC Converter and DC/RF Generators |
288 |
Integrated Subarray |
293 |
Antenna Structure |
293 |
I. Mass Statement |
301 |
J. Space Transportation |
302 |
HLLV |
302 |
Transportation Fleet Requirements |
305 |
Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle (POTV) |
305 |
Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicle (COTV) - |
305 |
**L. Operations |
310 |
1. Satellite System Construction Operations |
310 |
Construction Base LEO |
313 |
Construction Base GEO |
317 |
Component Packaging for Launch |
321 |
Crew Considerations |
321 |
Ground Station (Rectenna) |
325 |
2. Commercial Operations |
325 |
DOCUMENTATION LIST |
326 |
LIST OF FIGURES |
7 |
Figure 1. SPS Reference System Concept |
17 |
Figure 2. Simplified Diagram of SPS Concept Development and Evaluation Methodology |
19 |
Figure 3. Solar Power Satellites |
21 |
Figure 4. SPS Reference System - Satellite Configuration |
26 |
Figure 5. SPS Efficiency Chain (GaAlAs CR2 and Si CR1) |
27 |
Figure 6. SPS Operations |
29 |
Figure 7. Reference System Characteristics |
30 |
Figure 8. Solar Cell Options for SPS |
32 |
Figure 9. Laser Annealing Concept |
32 |
Figure 10. Solar Cell Blanket Support |
34 |
Figure 11. SPS Power Distribution |
35 |
Figure 12. Antenna Yoke and Turntables |
37 |
Figure 13. Attitude Control System Characteristics |
38 |
Figure 14. Transmitting Antenna Functional Description |
40 |
Figure 15. Microwave Power Transmission System Parameters |
41 |
Figure 16. Microwave Power Transmission System |
45 |
Figure 17. Microwave Array Power Distribution |
46 |
Figure 18. Power Density at Rectenna as a Function of Distance from Boresight |
47 |
Figure 19. Peak Power Density Levels as a Function of Range From Rectenna |
49 |
Figure 20. Grating Lobe Characteristics |
50 |
Figure 21. Grating Lobe Maxima |
52 |
Figure 22. Peak Power Density for Sidelobes and Grating Lobe as a Function of Range from Rectenna |
53 |
Figure 23. Near-Field Antenna Patterns |
54 |
Figure 24. Rectenna Patterns and Power Levels |
56 |
Figure 25. Microwave Transmission Efficiency |
58 |
Figure 26. Noise Power Density at Ground for a 1 km, 5 GW SPS Antenna |
60 |
Figure 27. Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle |
64 |
Figure 28. Launcher/Erector Concept |
65 |
Figure 29. SPS Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Trajectory and Exhaust Products Data |
66 |
Figure 30. Personnel Launch Vehicle |
68 |
Figure 31. LOz/LH? Common Stage POTV |
69 |
Figure 32. Cargo Orbit Transfer Vehicles Options |
70 |
Figure 33. SPS Construction and Commercial Operations |
79 |
Figure 34. Component Packaging Characteristics |
81 |
Figure 35. Typical Component Mixing |
82 |
Figure 36. Construction Base Buildup for Silicon System |
84 |
Figure 37. Scenario for Buildup of Construction Bases |
85 |
Figure 38. Construction Timeline for Two 5 GW Satellites/Year |
86 |
Figure 39. Scenario for Construction of Two 5 GW Satel1ites/Year |
88 |
Figure 40. SPS Operational Functions |
91 |
Fiaure 41. SPS Operations Management Concept |
92 |
LIST OF TABLES |
9 |
Table 1. SPS Mass Statement - Millions of KGs |
62 |
Table 2 GaAlAs Independent Electric COTV Mass Breakdown |
71 |
Table 3 Si Independent Electric COTV Mass Breakdown |
72 |
Table 4 Materials List for Reference System |
73 |
Table 5 Materials for Initial 5 GW SPS and Subsequent Systems |
76 |
Table 6. SPS Fleet Sizes |
89 |