mismatches at the ends of the line, i.e. at its junctions with the diplexers at either end. When we do so, we find, assuming a wave incident on the left-hand end of the line, that the wave just to the right of the right-hand end is the vector sum of a directly transmitted wave plus the infinite sum of waves transmitted after 1, 2, 3, ... reflections from both mismatches. For a lossless line, the phase of this composite wave is given by at frequency [] , where [] are the transmission and reflection coef- ficients respectively at the line’s left end, and [] those at its right end [12], [13]. Obviously, the phase of a leftwards traveling wave just to the left of the left end of the line is also given by (13). Now suppose that the rightgoing wave of frequency [] is conjugated at the left end of the line and retransmitted down the line to the right at frequency []. Then the phase of the conjugated wave just to the right of the right end of the line is Because T = 1 + T and arg (1) = 0, we find that [] [](and also for to. = [] , but that impractical case must be excluded) . It
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